In politics, a brief turn toward greater participation was quickly reversed, and Assad revived the authoritarian tactics of his late father’s administration, including pervasive censorship and surveillance and brutal violence against suspected opponents of the regime.
The hopes that were raised by Assad’s presidency went largely unfulfilled, though. When Assad succeeded his father in 2000, he came to the presidency with a reputation as a modernizer and a reformer. In reality, a variety of long-standing political and economic problems were pushing the country toward instability. The onset of antiregime protests, coming just a few weeks after the interview, made it clear that Assad’s situation had been much more precarious than he was willing to admit. Assad acknowledged that there had been economic hardships for many Syrians and that progress toward political reform had been slow and halting, but he was confident that Syria would be spared because his administration’s stance of resistance to the United States and Israel aligned with the beliefs of the Syrian people, whereas the leaders who had already fallen had carried out pro-Western foreign policy in defiance of their people’s feelings. Bashar al-Assad was asked in an interview with The Wall Street Journal if he expected the wave of popular protest then sweeping through the Arab world-which had already unseated authoritarian rulers in Tunisia and Egypt-to reach Syria. In this special feature, Britannica provides a guide to the civil war and explores the historical context of the conflict. Opposition militias began to form in 2011, and by 2012 the conflict had expanded into a full-fledged civil war. The Syrian government used violence to suppress demonstrations, making extensive use of police, military, and paramilitary forces. Protesters demanded an end to the authoritarian practices of the Assad regime, in place since Assad’s father, Ḥafiz al-Assad, became president in 1971. Bashar al-Assad, faced an unprecedented challenge to its authority when pro- democracy protests erupted throughout the country. In March 2011 Syria’s government, led by Pres. Several human rights organizations have called the Syrian Civil War the worst humanitarian crisis of the 21st century. Within Syria itself, an estimated 6.5 million civilians have been displaced. Most fled to Turkey and other regional allies, but hundreds of thousands have found asylum in Germany, the United States, and Canada. In 2018 the United Nations recorded 6.7 million Syrian refugees, nearly 40 percent of Syria’s population that year. Since its start in 2011, the Syrian Civil War has created the largest refugee population in the world, constituting over a third of the global refugee population. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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